The Subject Of `` Harrison Bergeron By Kurt Vonnegut

The subject of â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut is equality. The theme of this short story is that society should make an effort to value individuality and fairness, in which everyone receives what they need to prosper, instead of universal equality. The forms used to elevate this subject and theme are point of view, syntax, characterization, irony, and humor. The point of view in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is third person with limited insight. The focal character is George Bergeron, the titular character’s father. The story is written to show two settings: the living room of George and Hazel Bergeron, and the scene they are watching on their television. This point of view helps to develop the theme by showing what we assume to be an average couple in a futuristic setting, and by establishing a societal norm for the dystopian setting. The mundane point of view contrasts nicely with the very outrageous personality of Harrison Bergeron and his theatrical antics. This point of view also gives the reader a relatively objective look into the conflict between Harrison and the United States Handicapper General. The use of George as the focal character gives the reader insight into the mind of a man who wears a mental and a physical handicap. This allows the reader to see into George’s thoughts and how they process with the ment al handicap in place, â€Å"every twenty seconds or so, the transmitter would send out some sharp noise to keep people like George from taking advantage of theirShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr.1203 Words   |  5 Pagesstory. A third-person storyteller can sometimes be all-seeing, also known as omniscient, or they can be limited meaning to adhere firmly to the viewpoint of a specific character or characters. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† are two good examples of third-person point of view stories. These two stories give the authors the liberty to influence their content and theme across to readers using third-person narration without being biased. The third-personRead More theme Essay740 Words   |  3 Pagesby a literary work, whether it is implied or explicitly stated. In the short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. theme played a vital role in the stories general setup. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† theme was on a general basic of equality. Equality is a subject that is very touchy and most do not know how to conquer or talk about it, but Vonnegut captured it in his story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron.† According to Vonnegut and his them equality could be obtained by these three main objectives. The three mainRead MoreTotal Violence In Harrison Bergeron, By Kurt Vonnegut1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, written by Kurt Vonnegut, is a scientific fiction story that is set in 2081. Within this setting, the United States had added 213 amendments, some making the total population completely equal. This equality was not just in a sense of the legality and government , but every person was also physically and mentally equal as well. This total equality was established through things like weight bags, that go around one’s neck to weigh down the physically strong, a mask toRead MoreHumes Ideas Present In Kurt Vonneguts Harrison Bergeron444 Words   |  2 PagesUpon analysis of Kurt Vonneguts, Harrison Bergeron, evidence suggests that the story imitates the basic structure of the monomyth. However, unlike the sequence and obvious events presented in a monomyth Vonnegut cleverly applies his own unique play on the iconic structure. What is to be noted first is the definition of amonomyth. Joseph Campbell defines the term, monomyth, as the standard cycle of events that occur to which the hero endures during the progression of the story (kfjakhfakjf).Read MoreHarrison Bergeron Essay: Compare the Epic War or Socialism vs. Capitalism.1054 Words   |  5 PagesVonneguts story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† discusses the theme equality of result s, but through his satirical circumstances there is an ambiguous theme targeting Socialism and Capitalism that shines through. In the story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, both Socialism and Capitalism are made fun of through extended satirical references. In the story, Vonneguts future predicts a rise of Socialism in America. However this Socialism relates to the equality of results as appose to equality of results. Vonnegut paints thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Harrison Bergeron By Kurt Vonnegut Jr.1242 Words   |  5 Pages If you were to live in a society in which citizens are literally equal in every aspect of their lives, would you consider this kind of society a utopia or dystopia? The science-fiction short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. depicts the future of a world where the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America is interpreted and executed literally, where every man is believed to be created equal. If you happened to have been born strong, beautiful, intelligentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Harrison Bergeron 955 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel is a film.† In the present day world, it has become common for people to strive for equality; however, this could be harmful if taken too far. There would be nothing to make anyone unique, dulling the world of all its wonder. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut, the year is 2081, and everyone has been physically altered so all people possess equal abilities. The line, all this equ ality was due to the 211th, 212th, and 213th amendments to the constitution, tells the reader that governmentRead MoreHarrison Bergeron1317 Words   |  6 Pageslives? In the futuristic short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr., the world is finally living up to America’s first amendment of everyone being created equal. In this society, the gifted, strong, and beautiful are required to wear handicaps of earphones, heavy weights, and hideous masks, respectively. Thus, these constraints leave the world equal from brains to brawn to beauty. With the world constantly pushing for equality among people, Vonnegut reveals a world that society is diligentlyRead MoreEssay on Harrison Bergeron682 Words   |  3 PagesHarrison Bergeron, projected on a stage representing the conformity of a society with a system of Government based on equality for the weak, which are monitored and controlled by a dictatorial Government. This story is a literary sample that gives us a system of Government, where the law was created with the intention of limiting the individuals and turning them into beings with actuation equality, controlling them through the transmitters or obstacles in their body for that people couldRead MoreThe Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut s Short Story1208 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jackson s short story The Lottery and Kurt Vonnegut s short story Harrison Bergeron do share a similitude in subject, especially as far as scrutinizing the Status Quo, and the resilience of counterproductive social practices for compliance. There is likewise a comparability in that both stories show two extremely homogeneous social orders that mean to keep up their solidarity through basic practices that lead more to bring about apprehension than to lead towards change. Moreover, during

Organizational Behavior The Department Of Human Resource...

Organizational Behavior Today public sector is surrounded by people differences, thus an employee’s ideas and ideals may differ from the organization mission. Therefore an organization advance and productivity need strategies that accommodate people diversity characteristics. The department of human resource and management makes plan to deal with diversity. Diversity issues involves individual characteristics, an individual primary characteristic refers to individuals biological traits such as gender, race, sexual orientations and others. Secondary characteristics are factors that may be changed such as religion, educational background, and income and so on. Others diversity issues cover ethnicity/nationality, physical features, religion, culture, and language. When it comes to diversity in my work place, we have a variety of multicultural races and culture that enrich our work environment and the services we provide. The agency Diversity is a â€Å"set of innate and social characteristics that differentiate and link individuals and groups†. Race mixture categories are race and ethnicity; gender/sex; sexual orientation; religion; culture and language; class, equity and welfare. Thus, a management has to be open mind and flexible; these qualities are extremely important in the workplace. A leader has the abilities of hiring the right people for specific jobs, they are responsible to build up commitment and fidelity to the organization; they provide learning and refueling activatesShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior1638 Words   |  7 PagesAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior 1. Define organizational behavior (OB) and explain its roots - a field of study that seeks to understand, explain, predict and change human behavior, both individual and collective, in the organizational context - includes 3 levels ï  ® individual: employee motivation and perception ï  ® group: teams, communication, job design, and leadership ï  ® organization-wide: change, culture and organizational structure ï  ® interorganizational (network): outsourcingRead MoreChange Management and Comunication Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesChange Management and Communication Plan MGT/311 February 4, 2013 James Malm Change Management and Communication Plan Riordan Manufacturing has decided to make a change to company’s customer management system. The company does not currently have any formal system for managing their customer information and has traditionally left this up to individual employees. This new system will require all employees to use one customer management system. Your team is now working to help Riordan implementRead MoreBUS610 Week 3 Assignment Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Conflict Identification and Resolution Mia A. Rapier BUS 610: Organizational Behavior Dr. Anthony Trotta September 28, 2014 Conflict is part of our human disposition; consequently, it is customary within organizations. â€Å"Left unanalyzed and unchecked, it can be a destructive force that consumes time, money and human resources. Learning the various ways that people resolve conflict and expanding their conflict resolution styles can lead to better results† (Sadri, 2012). Within organizationsRead MoreHuman Resources Strategic Planning And Measurement Task Force1414 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resources Strategic Planning and Measurement Task Force Introduction Human Resources is often called upon to be the hub of an organization in addition to the glue that holds the organization together in collaboration with the leadership team. In many (Gutmacher, 1998, para. 3) organizations Human Resources is the department to lead the way in ensuring an organization is committed to creating diversity within the work place. This includes in hiring, recruitment, promotions, board selectionRead MoreHr Functions and Organizational Ethics1261 Words   |  6 PagesHR Functions and Organizational Ethics HRM/427 Dr. Donovan Lawrence September 5, 2010 Human Resources professionals are responsible for several roles in the workplace, including implementing and managing policies, recruiting and retention, and training and development. The HR department is responsible for making sure that organizations conduct business ethically and that shareholders are treated ethically. The HR department must be able to monitor compliance with federal and stateRead MoreCase Study Analysis : Human Resource Management1471 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study Analysis Human Resource (HR), represents the most critical element within any organization. This includes managerial changes, such as restructuring or the disposition of an organization from nonprofit towards profit making. Human resource plays a vital role in achieving the objectives of the organization. Additionally, employees are required to be treated with decorum and respect, which will maintain and improve their productivity. Treating an employee with respect is reciprocated throughRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Optimizing Role For Shaping Organizational And Employee Behavior Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe primary function of Human Resource Management is increasing the effectiveness and contribution of employees in the attainment of organization’s goals and objectives. For attaining the goals of the organization, the employees need to work effectively and perform at their best. To get appropriate outcome, the human resource department considers aspects like, equa l employment opportunity, affirmative action, human resource planning, recruitment and selection, human resource development, compensationRead MoreHr Management in Office Space1553 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management in Office Space There are many challenges that a firm’s Human Resources department must deal with effectively over the lifetime of a company. Office Space, as an example, directed by Mike Judge, presents many of the challenges of everyday life that a Human Resource (HR) department must cope with. The HR department must create a feeling of job satisfaction for employees or possibly face dire consequences like in the film, Office Space. The movie is a great example of whatRead MoreImpact of Structure on Organizations891 Words   |  4 Pageson Organizations Impact of organizational structure There are several factors that influence organizations activity, presence within the business environment, and success on the market. Such a factor is represented by their organizational structure. This organizational structure refers to the hierarchy within the organization, to the lines of authority and communication, to the rights, but also to the limits of competence within the organization. The organizational structure influences the assignationRead MoreEssay on The Organizing Function of Management: Tyco1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe Organizing Function of Management: Tyco Robert Black MGT 330: Management: Theory, Practices, and Application June 21, 2010 Instructor: Tonya T. Moore University of Phoenix The Organizing Function of Management: Tyco Organizing is the second function of management, which follows planning. The organizing function of management can be described as the coordination and assembling of a company’s human, financial, physical, informational, and other resources needed to achieve the goals and

Character and Sex Education Free Essays

As Americans we tend to have a conditioned view toward sexuality as a normal, healthy part of life. However, it seems that one may underestimate the power that sex has on culture, which is evident in the many areas. Most recently discussions on a sexual nature received extreme national prominence with the public events surrounding the Kenneth Starr investigation and report, which focuses on the sexual aspects of the relationship between President Bill Clinton and a former intern, Monica Lewinsky. We will write a custom essay sample on Character and Sex Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The result was a war of beliefs, morals and differences of cultures mixed with political anipulations. With the increase of sexual presence in our society, it is often wondered how this increase has affected morals and values of those who live it. Sex is everywhere–not just limited to the bedroom, but to the television, movies, billboards, office buildings and almost every fragment of modern culture. Around the turn of the twentieth century, open discussion and study of sex was well on its way. Sexual/cultural pioneer, Sigmund Freud believed that sexuality was tightly woven in all persons, present from birth. His breakthrough thinking affected social practices and was nstrumental in breaking the â€Å"moral fog that had enshrouded sexuality for most of the nineteenth century did not begin to lift until after the First World War† (Janus 1993). By analyzing modern culture, a person can accurately determine the effects of the sexual revolution and how it has led to the alterations or evolution of personal, moral and Where do we get our morals and values? Character education was what took place in school and society in the past. This drilling of acceptable social conventions seemed to â€Å"contain† our culture for many years. In modern years society has shifted to the â€Å"decision-making approach† (Kilpatrick 1993). This approach takes many forms, sometimes as a course in itself, sometimes as a strategy in sex education classes, sometimes as a unit in civics or social sciences–it has set the tone for modern moral education in public and even private schools. â€Å"The shift from character education to the decision-making model was begun with the best of intentions. The new approach was meant to help students to think more independently and critically about values† (Kilpatrick 1993). Followers of this approach claimed that a young person would be more committed to self-discovered values than to ones that were simply handed down y adults. That was the hope, but the actual effect of the shift has been quite different. For students, it has meant confusion about moral values: learning to question values they have scarcely acquired, unlearning values taught at home, and concluding that questions of right and wrong are always changing with the influence of society. We live in a sexual world, but Americans have been slow to fully acknowledge its enormous impact. Among those interviewed in the Janus Report who were 18 to 26 years old, 21% of the men and 15% of the women had had sexual intercourse by age 4; a small percentage of them had had their first intercourse before age 10. â€Å"It ought to be the oldest things that are taught to the youngest people. † (Noonan 1999) This statement accurately portrays moral education today. â€Å"The Day America Told the Truth,† a 1990 survey of American beliefs and values contains this scene from a California high school. The setting, Friday afternoon and the students are leaving a class in â€Å"social living. † The teacher’s parting words are, â€Å"have a great weekend. Be safe. Buckle up. Just say no. And if you can’t say ‘No,’ then use a condom! (Kilpatrick 993) Although the teacher in this example gives a nod in the direction of abstinence, his approach is basically of the â€Å"responsible sex† variety. Sex is an image that Americans have grown accustomed too. Sex is everything. If you’re good looking, then you’re having sex. If you’re sexy, then you’re having sex. If you’re having sex, you’re popular, and people are more likely to buy stuff from your company if you show people having sex. Sex sells. Sex sells cigarettes. Sex sells cars. Sex sells clothes, alcohol and One way that a breakdown of sexual restraint hurts society is the educational sphere. There is abundant evidence that the more sexually active students do poorly in school and tend to drop out more frequently (Noonan 1999). For all of the teenage girls, who drop out of school, half of them do so because of pregnancy. But that figure only suggests one small aspect of the problem. The constant distraction caused by worries about sex and about relationships takes a tool on schoolwork. Dieting has become an unfortunate cultural phenomenon, especially for women and girls, whose self-image is often closely linked with their body image. Eating disorders are more common in girls ecause they believe it’s their role in society to be sexy. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the history of sexual abuse in eating disorders patients, and the findings have been controversial. The figures range from 7% to 74%, with most studies showing that between 20-69% of anorexics and bulimics have been abused† (Janus 1993). It is important to note, however that not everyone who has been sexually abused develops anorexia and not all anorexics have been sexually abused. For many survivors, anorexia can also serve as a way to make their bodies less desirable to potential perpetrators. In one sense, mature adolescents deny their sexuality by returning to a prepubescent state, developing amenorreah or loss of menstruation, which is one of the criteria for diagnosing anorexia. Unfortunately, teachers have been reluctant to discuss sex in absolute moral terms, leaving students with the impression that it’s purely as subjective matter. It turns out that when adults confront teens over sexual misbehaviors, a frequent response is simply, â€Å"I didn’t know it was wrong. † Everyone is a product of his or her culture. We tend to conform to cultural expectations, even if not perfectly. Our present culture sends out confused and misleading messages about sex-messages that, in the long run, may cause more harm than good. A former secretary of education observed,†I have never had a parent tell me that he or she would be offended boy a teacher telling a class that it is better to postpone sex. Or that marriage is the best setting for sex, and in which to have and raise children. On the contrary, my impression is that the overwhelming majority of parents would gratefully welcome help in transmitting such values. † (Kilpatrick 1993) The long history of sexually transmitted diseases has made aution in sex one of the facts of life. In the late 1980s, the AIDS epidemic made caution in sex a fact of life or death. It was no longer a moral issue. When AIDS surfaced as a national problem, the sexually active momentarily panicked. The enormous tensions generated by these devastating STD†s made practice of casual sex pause. â€Å"The new social and sexual changes in lifestyles have been adopted by many other participants. Divorced or separated men and women, newly single, are dating again and searching for sex partners and new love. Parents in their 40’s and 50’s and 0’s are enjoying a new sexual style at the same time their teenage or young adult children are also experimenting with sex, and seeking loving relationships. There are few guidelines now, except for cautions about sexually transmitted diseases. The old rules governing sex no longer apply, and many individuals and couples now create their own moral and lifestyle decisions, or make them within the morality of their own small, peer In the Janus report, 45% of women and 19% of men claimed to have been sexually harassed on their jobs. In the interviews, the men attributed the harassment they xperienced to both heterosexual and homosexual individuals; the women ascribed their harassment almost entirely to men. In an age of liberation, it is interesting that an issue so broad gained national attention so accidentally. Why all the sudden there an underlying awareness of widespread sexual harassment on the part of women? The intensity and speed of reaction to the charges readily support this assumption. Sexual Harassment has become a household topic across America. Today, men and women are more free than ever to explore their sexual beings in or out of marriage. Their ransformed sex roles, feminism movement and the sexual revolution cause increased communication outside the home. Today, medicine, psychology and sociology advise that people should keep on having sex as long as they wish. Sexuality becomes adapted to the context of the sexual experience, at all ages. While early adolescence are experimenting with full sexual activities of diverse varieties and young couples are seeking sex for reproduction, older couples are enjoying the comfort and excitement of sex in a new appreciated form. â€Å"A new, vital, and active sexuality has been identified mong mature, and post mature Americans. While society frets about preteens’ frolicking and college students’ antics on Spring break in Florida, the graying segment of Americans may be leading the way in superior sexual experience† (Janus 1993). Other issues relating to sexuality have also made headlines over the past two decades. Divorce rates leaped in the 1970’s, absent or self-involved parents and child-rearing practices were blamed for creating misbehaving, out-of-control kids; the family was believed to be in big trouble. Very young adults are living together without the benefit f marriage. Meanwhile, kids are experimenting with their own sexuality at earlier and earlier ages. Barely out of their own childhood, teenagers are producing babies at ever-growing rates. By the 1980’s, nearly a million mothers under 18 were giving birth every year. (Janus 1993) Of these young women, 70% were unmarried, up from 30% only a decade earlier. Some estimates indicate that as many as 10,000 extremely young women age 12 or younger, become pregnant every year. (Janus 1993) The younger these children are when they have their first child, the more likely they are to ave at least one more child before their teen years end. These children who have children are particularly at risk of dropping out of school and becoming social throwaways who face a bleak future and are wanted only on the streets. Later, unable to get and hold jobs, they will drop out of the labor market as well, creating cycles of deep, depressing, poverty as their children and grandchildren in turn become teenage, single, unemployable parents. This idea represents the attitude of our culture to criticize teen parents and to make an example of â€Å"those kids. look what can happen to you. etc. However, this is not always the case, many teen mothers are extremely successful in personal and professional careers. Many times the father will support the baby who shares his genes, even if they do not act as a family unit. By analyzing many factors where sex is apparent on modern culture, it is obvious how this increased presence has significantly affected values and morals on related topics. There has been a dramatic shift in attitude in just a small period of time and it will be interesting to see how these changes will continue to evolve and adapt to new introductions of culture and it†s influence. How to cite Character and Sex Education, Papers

Operant and Classical Conditioning free essay sample

Dr. Pamela Allen Phobias and Addictions Phobias and addictions tint the society greatly. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2011) â€Å"Phobias are an irrational fear of a specific object or situation† (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Operant and Classical Conditioning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 167). The National Institute of Drug Abuse indicates that the abuse of illicit drugs, tobacco, and alcohol affect the financial aspect of the nation greatly. Because of crime, lost work production and health care, the nation spends 600 million dollars annually (NIDA, 2012). According to the American Society of Addiction, (2013) â€Å"Addiction is characterized by inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavior control, diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behavior, and a dysfunctional emotional response† (ASAM, 2013, p. 1). Classical and operant conditioning are in relation to common phobias and present addictions Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are learning styles associated with human behavior. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2011) â€Å"Classical conditioning is a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response† (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 164). Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist studied the digestive system of a canine, when he came across the discovery of classical conditioning (Kowalski Westen, 2011). In this learning experiment, he noticed that the canine salivated at the sign of food (Kowalski Westen, 2011). The canine engaged in salivating when the food was present by a ringing of a bell (Kowalski Westen, 2011). This experiment led to the canine salivating at the ringing of the bell even if there were no foods present (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Psychologists refer to this as classical conditioning (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 164). Counter to classical conditioning, operant conditioning is faintly diverse. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2011) â€Å"Operant conditioning is learning that results when an organism associates a response that occurs spontaneously with a particular environmental effect† (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 73). There are several types of operant conditioning, which include positive and negative reinforcement and punishment. An example of a positive reinforcement is a child receives a monetary reward for completing the chores. The monetary reward is the positive reinforcer. Although the differences among classical and operant conditioning are not always immedi ately forward, one can distinguish between the two learning styles by looking for a specific response (Kowalski Westen, 2011). For instance, in classical conditioning an environmental stimulus initiates a response (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Alternatively, operant conditioning produces change in the environment (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Phobias and Classical Conditioning Phobias can develop through classical conditioning. Because the classical conditioning methods pair up with a stimulus, in the same matter phobias develops. In 1920, John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner performed an experiment known as the case of Little Albert (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 167). In this case, Watson allows Albert to play with a variety of objects such as a dog, rabbit, a rat, and a Santa clause mask (Kowalski Westen, 2011). In the beginning of the study, the objects do not frighten the child but rather he finds the objects delightful. Proceeding with the experiment, Watson bangs a steel bar directly behind the infant’s head (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 167). This action produces a negative effect on the child, and he begins to whimper. Soon after that, Mr. Watson begins to associate the negative noise with the objects that Albert finds delightful (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 167). Every time Albert places his hands on any of those objects, Dr. Watson bangs the steel bar. At the end of the experiment, Albert becomes fearful of the objects. The child began to associate the negative noise with the objects and began to touch the objects less (Kowalski Westen, 2011). According to Kowalski and Westen, (2011) â€Å"Studies since Watson and Rayner’s time have proposed classical conditioning as an explanation of some human phobias† (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 167). Addiction and Operant Conditioning Horvath, Misra, Amy, Cooper (1995-2013) â€Å"A substance or activity can only become addicting if it is rewarding† (Para. 2). Individuals have to find particular enjoyment in the substance or activity to abuse it (Horvath, Misra, Amy, Cooper, 1995-2013). Addiction is a human behavior that individuals can learn (Horvath, Misra, Amy, Cooper, 1995-2013). The addiction process happens because the initial gratification or enjoyment is rewarding (Horvath, Misra, Amy, Cooper, 1995-2013). In relation with the learning style, operant conditioning, behaviors that obtain recompense will always amplify (Horvath, Misra, Amy, Cooper, 1995-2013). A slight concern that arises is that substances and certain activities produce an immediate feeling of reward (Horvath, Misra, Amy, Cooper, 1995-2013). For instance, an individual who daily abuses cocaine. When the abuser uses cocaine, this produces a sense of belief in which he receives a reward. The abuser thinks that he can only feel a sense of reward by abusing the cocaine. Hence, an addiction of a substance forms. As stated before, the same concept applies as that child receives the monetary reward. Extinction and Classical and Operant Conditioning According to Kowalski and Westen, (2011) â€Å"Extinction is classical conditioning is the process by which a conditioned response is weakened by the presentation if the conditioned stimulus (Kowalski and Westen, 2011, p. 69). In other words, the state of fear would weaken, if the objects are presented without the loud noise (Kowalski and Westen, 2011). This fear and the association weaken but it not obliterated. If Watson begins to associate the loud noise with the objects, little Albert’s fear would fire up again. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2011) â€Å"The extinction in operant conditioning is the process by which the connection between an operant and the reinforcer is similarly broken† (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 169). For example, if a parent seizes to reward a child from completing the usual chores, the child’s drive to complete the chores will slowly diminish. This is why many people in society graduate to different heavier drugs. The extinction process is not always good in certain cases such as drug abuse. Conclusion Phobias and addictions are very evident in society. With the understanding of classical and operant conditioning, psychologists can give solution in overcoming phobias and addictions. This ultimately will make life a little better for those who suffer from phobias and addictions. References Kowalski, R. , Westen, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed. ) Hoboken, NJ: Wiley National Institute of Drug Abuse. (2012). The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved from http://www. drugabuse. gov/related-topics/trends-statistics American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2013). The Voice of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved from http://www. asam. org/for-the-public/definition-of-addiction Horvath, Misra, Amy ,Cooper, T. K. A. G. (1995-2013). Operant Conditioning and Addiction. Retrieved from http://www. sevencounties. org/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=48410cn=1408